NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY

Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA)

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2024 Population

117,703

US Senator

Chuck Schumer

Democratic Party

US Senator

Kirsten Gillibrand

Democratic Party

2024 Median Age

38.4

1.29% 1-year decrease

2024 Poverty Rate

12.1%

1.82% 1-year decrease

2024 Median Household Income

$116,564

0.63% 1-year growth

2024 Median Property Value

$910,300

0.492% 1-year decline

2024 Employed Population

71,252

1.79% 1-year growth

About

31.2% of the households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

86% of the residents in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY are U.S. citizens.

The largest universities in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY are Swedish Institute a College of Health Sciences (369 degrees awarded in 2024), Atelier Esthetique Institute of Esthetics (267 degrees), and Ace Institute of Technology (160 degrees).

In 2024, the median property value in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY was $910,300, and the homeownership rate was 21%.

Most people in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY used public transit to get to work, and the average commute time was 27.3 minutes. The average car ownership in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY was 0 cars per household.

NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY borders Hudson County (Northeast)--Union City & Hoboken PUMA, NJ, Hudson County (North)--West New York, Secaucus & North Bergen PUMA, NJ, NYC-Manhattan Community District 7--Upper West Side PUMA, NY, NYC-Manhattan Community Districts 1 & 2--Financial District & Greenwich Village PUMA, NY, and NYC-Manhattan Community Districts 5 & 6--Midtown, East Midtown, & Flatiron PUMA, NY.

United States New Jersey New York

Population & Diversity

NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY is home to a population of 118k people, from which 86% are citizens. As of 2024, 28.2% of NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY residents were born outside of the country (33.3k people).

In 2024, there were 3.63 times more White (Non-Hispanic) residents (63.1k people) in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY than any other race or ethnicity. There were 17.4k Asian (Non-Hispanic) and 7.98k Black or African American (Non-Hispanic) residents, the second and third most common ethnic groups.

The most common non-English languages spoken as the primary language in households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY are Spanish (13,815 households), Chinese (Incl. Mandarin, Cantonese) (5,333 households), and French (Incl. Cajun) (2,136 households).

Population & Diversity

Residents by Gender and Age

RACE/ETHNICITY

56,364

Women

47.7%

61,898

Men

52.3%

The resident population of United States in 2024 was 118,262 inhabitants, with 52.3% men, and 47.7% women.

The visualization shows the distribution of the residents by gender and age in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY.

With the upper buttons you can add a filter by race.

Citizenship

86%

2024 Citizenship

87.2%

2023 Citizenship

As of 2024, 86% of NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY residents were US citizens, which is lower than the national average of 93.2%. In 2023, the percentage of US citizens in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY was 87.2%, meaning that the rate of citizenship has been decreasing.

The following chart shows US citizenship percentages in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Diversity

Race and Ethnicity

The 3 largest ethnic groups in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY

White (Non-Hispanic)
63.1k ± 3.4k
Asian (Non-Hispanic)
17.4k ± 1.74k
Black or African American (Non-Hispanic)
7.98k ± 1.42k

17.9%

Hispanic Population

21.1k people

17.9% of the people in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY are hispanic (21.1k people).

The following chart shows the 8 races represented in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY as a share of the total population.

Global Diversity

Most Common Origin

China
3,704 ± 1,471 people
Dominican Republic
2,317 ± 1,170 people
India
1,979 ± 1,083 people

In 2024, the most common birthplace for the foreign-born residents of NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY was China, the natal country of 3,704 NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY residents, followed by Dominican Republic with 2,317 and India with 1,979.

Foreign-Born Population

28.2%

2024 Foreign-Born Population

33.3k people

28.1%

2023 Foreign-Born Population

33k people

As of 2024, 28.2% of NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY residents (33.3k people) were born outside of the United States, which is approximately the same as the national average of 14%. In 2023, the percentage of foreign-born citizens in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY was 28.1%, meaning that the rate has been increasing.

The following chart shows the percentage of foreign-born residents in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY compared to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Non-English Households

Most Common Non-English Languages

Spanish
13,815 households (12.1%)
Chinese (Incl. Mandarin, Cantonese)
5,333 households (4.66%)
French (Incl. Cajun)
2,136 households (1.87%)

31.2% of the households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY reported speaking a non-English language at home as their primary shared language, which is higher than the national average of 22.3%. This does not consider the potential multi-lingual nature of households, but only the primary self-reported language spoken by all members of the household.

In 2024, the most common non-English language spoken in households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY was Spanish. 12.1% of the households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY reported speaking Spanish at home as the primary shared language between all members living in the household.

Military

Veterans

Most Common Service Period

Gulf War (1990s)
711 ± 419
Vietnam
578 ± 276
Gulf War (2001-)
504 ± 288

NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY has a large population of military personnel who served in Gulf War (1990s), 1.23 times greater than any other conflict.

The chart shows the distribution of veterans by conflict in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY.

Health

96.6% of the population of NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY has health coverage, with 60.6% on employee plans, 13.9% on Medicaid, 10.1% on Medicare, 12% on non-group plans, and 0.128% on military or VA plans.

Primary care physicians in New Jersey see 1,279 patients per year on average, which represents a 0% change from the previous year (1,279 patients). Compare this to dentists who see 1157 patients per year, and mental health providers who see 320 patients per year.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 52.7% were men and 47.3% were women.

Coverage

Patient to Clinician Ratios

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for New Jersey.

1,279 to 1

Patient to Primary Care Physician Ratio in New Jersey

Primary care physicians in New Jersey see an average of 1,279 patients per year. This represents a 0% change from the previous year (1,279 patients).

The following chart shows how the number of patients seen by primary care physicians has been changing over time in New Jersey in comparison to its neighboring geographies.

Health Care Diversity

In 2024, insured persons according to age ranges were distributed in 8.7% under 18 years, 34.7% between 18 and 34 years, 40.3% between 35 and 64 years, and 16.2% over 64 years.

By gender, of the total number of insured persons, 52.7% were men and 47.3% were women.

The following chart shows the number of people with health coverage by gender.

Uninsured People

3.36%

Uninsured

60.6%

Employer Coverage

13.9%

Medicaid

10.1%

Medicare

12%

Non-Group

0.128%

Military or VA

Between 2023 and 2024, the percent of uninsured citizens in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY grew by 15.7% from 2.9% to 3.36%.

The following chart shows how the percent of uninsured individuals in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY changed over time compared with the percent of individuals enrolled in various types of health insurance.

Economy

The economy of NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY employs 71.3k people. In 2024, the largest industries in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY were Securities, commodities, funds, trusts & other financial investments (6,172 people), Computer Systems Design (4,198 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (3,673 people), and the highest paying industries were Securities, commodities, funds, trusts & other financial investments ($344,868), Internet publishing, broadcasting & web search portals ($311,210), and Nondepository credit & related activities ($303,199).

Males in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY have an average income that is 1.39 times higher than the average income of females, which is $145,843. The income inequality in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY (measured using the Gini index) is 0.462, which is lower than than the national average.

Employment

Workforce Diversity

Measure

RACE/ETHNICITY

31,900

Women

44.8%

39,352

Men

55.2%

The workforce of NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY in 2024 was 71,252 people, with 44.8% woman, and 55.2% men.

The visualization shows the distribution of the workforce by gender and age in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY.

With the upper buttons you can see the distribution of the average salary and add a filter by race.

Occupations

71.3k

2024 Value

1.79%

1 Year growth

± 1.79%

From 2023 to 2024, employment in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY grew at a rate of 1.79%, from 70k employees to 71.3k employees.

The most common job groups, by number of people living in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY, are Other managers (4,825 people), Lawyers, & judges, magistrates, & other judicial workers (2,808 people), and Software developers (2,756 people). This chart illustrates the share breakdown of the primary jobs held by residents of NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY.

Unemployment Insurance Claims

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for New Jersey.

This chart shows weekly unemployment insurance claims in New Jersey (not-seasonally adjusted) compared with the four states with the most similar impact.

The most recent data point uses Advance State Claims data, which can be revised in subsequent weeks.

Industries

Employment by Industries

71.3k

2024 Value

1.79%

1 Year growth

± 1.79%

From 2023 to 2024, employment in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY grew at a rate of 1.79%, from 70k employees to 71.3k employees.

The most common employment sectors for those who live in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY, are Securities, commodities, funds, trusts & other financial investments (6,172 people), Computer Systems Design (4,198 people), and General medical and surgical hospitals, and specialty (except psychiatric and substance abuse) hospitals (3,673 people). This chart shows the share breakdown of the primary industries for residents of NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY, though some of these residents may live in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY and work somewhere else. Census data is tagged to a residential address, not a work address.

Median Earnings by Industry

$121,633

Median earning men ± $3,184

$84,856

Median earning women ± $7,839

The industries with the best median earnings for men in 2024 are Wholesale Trade ($240,283), Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($199,726), and Information ($142,500).

The industries with the best median earnings for women in 2024 are Construction ($182,980), Finance & Insurance, & Real Estate & Rental & Leasing ($132,985), and Information ($128,984).

Employment by Industry Sector

Data is only available at the state level. Showing data for New Jersey.

Y-Axis

2.27%

Year-over-year growth

Employment change between February 2022 and February 2023

As of February 2023, there are 4.24M people employed in New Jersey. This represents a 2.27% increase in employment when compared to February 2022.

Right after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, during April 2020, a general dip can be seen across industry sectors, resulting in an overall decline in employment by 16.5%.

The following chart shows monthly employment numbers for each industry sector in New Jersey.

Civics

In the 2024 presidential election, the popular vote in New York went to Kamala Harris with 55.9% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (43.3%), followed by Jill Stein (0.565%).

Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand are the senators currently representing the state of New York. In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

New York is currently represented by 26 members in the U.S. house, and members of the House of Representives are elected to 2-year terms.

Presidential Elections

Presidential Popular Vote Over Time

Voting results are not available for NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY. Showing the available data for New York.

2024 Election Results

Kamala Harris (55.9%)
Democratic Party
Donald J. Trump (43.3%)
Republican Party
Jill Stein (0.565%)
Green Party

In the 2024 presidential election, the popular vote in New York went to Kamala Harris with 55.9% of the vote. The runner-up was Donald J. Trump (43.3%), followed by Jill Stein (0.565%).

The following chart shows the popular vote results in New York for each registered party from 1976 to 2024.

Senator Elections

US Senators from New York

Senatorial voting results are only available at the state level. Showing data for New York.

Chuck Schumer

Senator from New York

Assumed office on January 3, 1999

Kirsten Gillibrand

Senator from New York

Assumed office on January 26, 2009
Appointed to the seat following the resignation of Hillary Clinton, who had become Secretary of State.

Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand are the senators currently representing New York.

In the United States, senators are elected to 6-year terms with the terms for individual senators staggered.

The following chart shows elected senators in New York over time, excluding special elections, colored by their political party.

Education

In 2024, universities in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY awarded 862 degrees. The student population of NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY in 2024 is skewed towards women, with 381 male students and 1,602 female students.

Most students graduating from Universities in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY are Black or African American (317 and 38.1%), Hispanic or Latino (228 and 27.4%), White (104 and 12.5%), and Asian (73 and 8.77%).

The largest universities in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY by number of degrees awarded are Swedish Institute a College of Health Sciences (369 and 42.8%), Atelier Esthetique Institute of Esthetics (267 and 31%), and Ace Institute of Technology (160 and 18.6%).

The most popular majors in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY are Aesthetician & Skin Care Specialist (267 and 31%), Medical Assistant (147 and 17.1%), and Massage Therapy (80 and 9.28%).

Admissions & Enrollments

Applicants, Admissions & Enrolled

Measure

In 2024 in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY, the percentage of applicants admitted was 17.7%, while the percentage of admitted who enrolled was 52.5%. The number of students enrolled in 2024 was 1,983 (19.2% men and 80.8% women).

The line chart shows the evolution of the percentage of applicants admitted, admitted who enrolled or the number of students enrolled according to the option selected in the upper button.

Enrollments by Gender and Races

In 2024 there were 1,983 students enrolled in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY, 19.2% men and 80.8% women.

By race, the largest number of students enrolled was concentrated in Black or African American with 785 records, of which 80.3% were women and 19.7% men.

Completions

Concentrations

Most Common

Medical Assistant
147 degrees awarded
Information Science
66 degrees awarded
Sterile Processing Technician
33 degrees awarded

In 2024, the most common concentation for 1 to 2 Year Postsecondary Certificate recipients in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY was Medical Assistant with 147 degrees awarded.

This visualization illustrates the percentage of students graduating with a 1 to 2 Year Postsecondary Certificate from schools in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY according to their major.

Universities

Gender

Race

Largest Universities by degrees awarded

Swedish Institute a College of Health Sciences
369 degrees awarded
Atelier Esthetique Institute of Esthetics
267 degrees awarded
Ace Institute of Technology
160 degrees awarded

In 2024, the institution with the largest number of graduating students was Swedish Institute a College of Health Sciences with 369 degrees awarded.

Student Diversity

In 2024, 190 men were awarded degrees from institutions in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY, which is 0.283 times less than the 672 female students who received degrees in the same year.

In 2024, the most common race/ethnicity group awarded degrees at institutions was Black or African American students. These 317 degrees mean that there were 1.39 times more degrees awarded to Black or African American students then the next closest race/ethnicity group, Hispanic or Latino, with 228 degrees awarded.

Awarded Degrees over Time

The graph shows the evolution of awarded degrees by degrees. Under the paragraphs, the average number of awarded degrees by university in each degree is shown.

Tuition

Average Net Price by Sector

Private for-profit, 2-year ($25,500) is the sector with the highest median state tuition in 2024.

Private for-profit, 2-year ($3,579) is the sector with the highest median state fee in 2024.

Private for-profit, 2-year ($2,100) is the sector with the highest average net price of books and supplies.

The graph shows the average net price by sector and year.

Working Population

Educational Pyramid

Measure

In 2024, 0.604% of men over 25 years of age had not completed any academic degree (no schooling), while 1.21% of women were in the same situation.

This visualization shows the gender distribution of the population according to the academic level reached.

Educational Attainment

Race

The most common educational levels obtained by the working population of NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY in 2024 were Bachelors Degree (45.6k), Graduate Degree (33.9k), and Some college (10.9k).

This visualization illustrates the percentage distribution of the population according to the highest educational level reached. You can filter the data by race by using the selector above.

Housing & Living

The median property value in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY was $910,300 in 2024, which is 2.74 times larger than the national average of $332,700. Between 2023 and 2024 the median property value increased from $914,800 to $910,300, a 0.492% decrease. The homeownership rate in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY is 21%, which is lower than the national average of 65.2%.

People in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY have an average commute time of 27.3 minutes, and they used public transit to get to work. Car ownership in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY is lower than the national average, with an average of 0 cars per household.

Housing

Property

$910,300

Median Property Value 2024

±$61,643

$14,406

Median Property Taxes

±$1,463

The following chart display owner-occupied housing units distributed between a series of property tax buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. In NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY the largest share of households pay taxes in the $3k+ range.

The chart underneath the paragraph shows the property taxes in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY compared to it's parent and neighbor geographies.

Rent vs Own

21%

Homeownership

2024

69%

Homeowners with Mortgage

2024

In 2024, 21% of the housing units in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY were occupied by their owner. This percentage grew from the previous year's rate of 20.7%.

This chart shows the percentage of owner in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY compared it's parent and neighboring geographies.

Equity

Household Income

Please note that the buckets used in this visualization were not evenly distributed by ACS when publishing the data.

$116,564

Median Household Income

± $6,303

68.7k

Number of Households

± 3,077

In 2024, the median household income of the 68.7k households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY grew to $116,564 from the previous year's value of $115,834.

The following chart displays the households in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY distributed between a series of income buckets compared to the national averages for each bucket. The largest share of households have an income in the $200k+ range.

Wage Distribution

0.462

2024 Wage GINI in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY

0.469

2023 Wage GINI in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY

In 2024, the income inequality in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY was 0.462 according to the GINI calculation of the wage distribution. Income inequality had a 1.58% decline from 2023 to 2024, which means that wage distribution grew somewhat more even. The GINI for NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY was lower than than the national average of 0.474. In other words, wages are distributed more evenly in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY in comparison to the national average.

This chart shows the number of workers in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY across various wage buckets compared to the national average.

Transportation

Commuter Transportation

Most Common Commute in 2024

Public Transit (35.5%)
Worked At Home (26.6%)
Walked (25.1%)

In 2024, 35.5% of workers in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY used public transit to get to work, followed by those who worked at home (26.6%) and those who walked to work (25.1%).

The following chart shows the number of households using each mode of transportation over time, using a logarithmic scale on the y-axis to help better show variations in the smaller means of commuting.

Commute Time

27.3 minutes

Average Travel Time

Using averages, employees in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY have a longer commute time (27.3 minutes) than the normal US worker (26.4 minutes). Additionally, 1.92% of the workforce in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY have "super commutes" in excess of 90 minutes.

The chart below shows how the median household income in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY compares to that of it's neighboring and parent geographies.

Poverty

Poverty & Diversity

12.1% of the population for whom poverty status is determined in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY (14k out of 116k people) live below the poverty line, a number that is lower than the national average of 12.5%. The largest demographic living in poverty are Females 25 - 34, followed by Females 18 - 24 and then Males 25 - 34.

The most common racial or ethnic group living below the poverty line in NYC-Manhattan Community District 4--Chelsea & Hell's Kitchen PUMA, NY is White, followed by Hispanic and Other.

The Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who classifies as impoverished. If a family's total income is less than the family's threshold than that family and every individual in it is considered to be living in poverty.